The Table of Nations in all of Genesis 10 lists the 70 nations descended from Noah and his three sons, Shem, Ham and Japheth and some of their family relationships from which all people on Earth from that time forward, including the present, are descended. These are the 70 nations, generations, families (and languages) that are listed in Genesis 10 and from which we are all descended. All these people were living around Babel in Mesopotamia (now in Iraq) and worked together or likely mostly encouraged those who built the tower of Babel in ancient Babylon. According to Genesis 11 God was displeased with these efforts of united humanity to build the tower of Babel on a couple counts. One was that God's desire for humanity in the first place in Genesis 1 and again right after the worldwide flood of Noah in Genesis 9 was for them to spread out over all the face of the Earth and have dominion or be stewards of that part of the Earth on God's behalf. Humanity was instead staying around the city of Babel or Babylon in the time of the building of the tower of Babel. Another problem is that humanity wanted to "make a name for ourselves" as in Genesis 11:4 instead of revering worshipping God and His name. The other problem of course was that they wanted to and undertook to start building a tower to reach to the heavens. Although this tower as no doubt multi-storied, perhaps more than 10 stories it obviously wouldn't physically reach heaven. What I heard the builders of the tower of Babel and those associated with them including some of the Sumerian or Shinar heathen priesthood meant when they said to make a temple that would reach up to heaven was that they would make a modestly high tower with an observatory for observing the second or astronomical heavens from the top of it to carry out for those on top of this tower and the rest of their society in the city of Babel or Babylon stronger worship of the astronomical host of heaven such as the sun, moon, stars and planets as different gods and goddesses instead of their worshipping the true God the Creator God of heaven and earth, human beings and all life with this true God being Jehovah, or Elohim or Adonai in those days with emphasis on God the Father but still including significant part of the true God in God the Son later to be manifest as Jesus or Y'Shua of Nazareth and the Holy Spirit. Because of at least the three main ways mentioned above - the people of Babel not filling out over all the face of the Earth, their effort to make a name for themselves instead of for God's name and their seeking to build a tower reaching to heaven to worship the astronomical host of heaven instead of the Creator God and wants to be the Saviour God - God then supernaturally confused their speech creating instantly the 70 languages, nations, families people groups descended from Noah as mentioned in Genesis 10 by which these people mostly spread out in different directions from Babel over more and more of the face of the earth or towards the ends or uttermost parts of the earth, all mostly within the same of the different 70 language, nation, family groups from Noah as listed in Genesis 10. The scripture references in Genesis 10 and 11 of all the nations and languages and families of all the Earth being the 70 from Noah that after they attempted to build the tower of Babel and mostly just stayed around Babel in modern Iraq God created the 70 original languages and forced them to stop building the tower of Babel and start to compel humans to spread out over all the face of the earth or to the ends or uttermost part of the earth is as follows:
The sons of Japheth ... By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.
These are the sons of Ham, after their families, after their tongues, in their countries, and in their nations.
These are the sons of Shem, after their families, after their tongues, in their lands, after their nations. These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations; and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood. Genesis 10:2, 5, 20, 31-32
All the whole earth was of one language and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar (Shinar is Hebrew for Sumer), and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter. And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. ... So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth; and they left off to build the city. Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth; and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth. Genesis 11:1-4, 8-9
One of the blessing of the tribes of Israel by Moses at the end of Moses' life was of the tribe of Joseph. The tribe of Joseph was comprised of the half tribe of Mannaseh and the half tribe of Ephraim. They were two of the larger tribes in their case half tribes of Israel. Although Joseph was a man of God and this perhaps resulted in the tribe of Joseph being blessed with the priveledge of hosting the tabernacle in their territory in the town of Shiloh. the half tribes didn't remain faithful to God and among other things this resulted in their losing the right to host the tabernacle and site of God's presence among them and on Earth with the Shekinah glory in the holy of holies of the tabernacle. Eventually the holy place moved to Solomon's then Herod's Temple on Mount Moriah on the border of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. However, perhaps verse 17 of this chapter where the tribe of Joseph is compared to a bull driving the people (of Israel) to the ends of the Earth could be a reference that the large size and prominent part of Joseph and its component half tribes in idolatry and other sins against God was permitted by God to be the reason that He would later drive the people of Israel to the ends of the Earth when God scattered the children and tribes of Israel to the nations through God using the Assyrian and Babylonian and later Roman Empires to scatter the Isrealite people to the nations to the ends of the Earth. Also the town of Bethel, which later in Israelite history became one of the two centers of idolatrous worship with the other place being in Dan. The objects of worship that Jeroboam the first king of the separate northern kingdom of Israel set up in Bethel and Dan were golden calves. This probably indicates all the more that it was the idolatry of Israel led by the two half tribes of Joseph, Ephraim and Manessah, that led God to drive the people of Israel to the ends of the Earth (where some of the Jewish or Israelite people still are but are being persecuted more and more by anti-semites leading more Jews or Israelites today to return to Israel.) The scripture reference of probably the idolatry of Israel led by the tribe of Joseph, comprised of the two half tribes of Mannessah and Ephraim, leading God to chasten His chosen Earthly people Israel including the Jews by driving them to the ends of the Earth in Deuteronomy 33 is as follows:
And of Joseph he said, Blessed of the LORD be his land, ... His glory is like the firstling of his bullock, and his horns are like the horns of unicorns; with them he shall push the people together to the ends of the earth; and they are the ten thousands of Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh. Deuteronomy 33:13, 17
Starting in verse 8 of Isaiah 41 God speaks through His prophet Isaiah to His chosen earthly people Israel, the physical descendents of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (Israel) and this is not a reference to the Church supposedly as the new or true Israel in the minds of some. God addresses Israel as his servant and the seed of his friend Abraham with Israel including all the Jews as the physical seed or descendents of Abraham that God promised to make an everlasting covenant with including to give them and bring them back into their promised land of Israel in the Middle East between the Jordan River and Mediterranean or Great Sea as in Genesis 15:7, 18-21, 12:1-9, 17:1-8-21. God next says he has called and chosen his servant Israel from the ends of the earth. To some extent God did this when he initially called the ancestor and founder of the Israelites, Abraham, out of a far country, from Ur of the Chaldees in what is now south Iraq, but the reference to God calling Israel from the ends of the earth I believe is at least as much a reference to God restoring the Israelites, especially in the already begun last days since about 1880 or 1890 when Jews started to go back to the land of Israel to live permanently from many and some distant parts of the Earth from Israel. God, I think especially God the Father, but including some of God the Son Jesus and the Holy Spirit, mentions He will strengthen His chosen earthly people Israel including the Jews to make the trek from the ends of the earth back to their land of Israel in the Middle East or the Holy Land and that it will be by God's right hand of righteousness which could mean either an emphasis of God's working and care for them or particularly God working through His Son and annointed one who eventually was revealed as Jesus or Y'Shua of Nazareth to restore Israel to their promised land of Israel between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean in the former land of Canaan.
God promises Israel the physical seed of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob including who today are called the Jews that God will come against their enemies such as left wing anti-Semites including many so-called pro-Palestinian and anti-Israel people and against right wing anti-Semites such neoNazis and others. This promise of God in verses 11-16 to come against Israel's last days adversasries will be sometimes more quickly but sometimes more near the end of the tribulation or near the end of the 70th week of Daniel and following Second Coming of Messiah Jesus or Y'Shua from heaven to earth to judge the world and set up God's visible Kingdom over all the Earth through rebuilt Jerusalem and the believing including in their Messiah Jesus or Y'Shua remnant of Israel. Then in verse 17 God promises the Israelites including the Jews coming back to their promised land of Israel from nations from the ends of the earth in the last days continuing through this present time that He will look after all their needs for water or other things for their travels back to Israel from remote lands and that God would make the land of Israel more fertile with trees and other vegetation that the children of Israel including the Jews (and people of the Gentiles or nations also including of the true or professing Church or Church Age phase of the Kingdom of God) will consider and come to acknowledge that the Israelites coming back from nations from the ends of earth back to their promised land of Israel is not just an unlikely natural phenomena but a fulfillment of God's promise to His chosen earthly people Israel leading up to God setting up His visible Kingdom through restored Israel (and the saved of the nations and the true Church) after the rest of this present Church age is fulfilled, the rapture or catching up to heaven of the true Church happens, then the 7 year tribulation or time of Jacob's trouble is completed. The scripture from Isaiah 41 of God bringing His chosen people Israel including the Jews back from nations from the ends of the Earth in the last days through this time to Jesus's Second Coming at the end of the tribulation according to God's covenant with Israel through their ancestor Abraham is as follows:
But thou (you) Israel, art my servant, Jacob whom I have chosen, the seed of Abraham my friend. Thou whom I have taken from the ends of the earth, and called thee from the chief men thereof, and said unto thee, Thou art my servant; I have chosen thee, and not cast thee (you) away. Fear thou not; for I am with thee; be not dismayed; for am thy God: I will strengthen thee; yea, I will help thee; yea, I will uphold thee with the right hand of my righteousness.
Behold, all they that were incenced against thee shall be ashamed and confounded; they shall be as nothing; and they that strive with thee shall perish. Thou shalt seek them, and shalt not find them, even them that contended with thee; they that war against thee shall be as nothing, and as a thing of nought. For I the LORD thy God will hold thy right hand, saying unto thee, Fear not; I will help thee. Fear not, thou worm Israel; I will help thee, saith the LORD, and thy redeemer, the Holy One of Israel. Behold, I will make thee a new sharp threshing instrument having teeth; thou shalt thresh the mountains, and beat them small, and shalt make the hills as chaff. Thou shalt fan them, and the wind shall carry them away, and the whirlwind shall scatter them; and thou shalt rejoice in the LORD, and shalt glory in the Holy One of Israel.
When the poor and needy seek water, and there is none, and their tongue faileth for thirst, I the LORD will hear them, I the God of Israel will not forsake them. I will open rivers in high places, and fountains in the midst of the valleys; I will make the wilderness a pool of water, and the dry land springs of water. I will plant in the wilderness the cedar, the shittah tree, and the myrtle, and the oil tree; I will set in the desert the fir tree, and the pine, and the box tree together; That they may see, and know, and consider, and understand together, that the hand of the LORD hath done this, and the Holy One of Israel hath created it. Isaiah 41:8-20
God starts this address to literal Israel, the physical descendents of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (Israel) rather than the church as the supposed spiritual or true or new Israel, by reminding the Israelites including the Jews that He is their creator both that He created them and all human beings but also that He created their nation by calling their ancestor Abraham out of Ur of the Chaldees and out of idolatry to Himself and as the founder of the Israelite including Jewish nation (although Abraham also was the ancestor of the Arabs through Ishmael but the biblical Abrahamic covenant is from Abraham through Isaac and Jacob (Israel). (God has made good to also bless the descedants of Ishmael with much other land in the Middle East including in Iraq, some of Syria, northern Arabia and north Africa and much oil and natural gas.) God also promises He has or will redeem them, including to bring them back from other lands to their promised land of Israel between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea soon after Isaiah from Babylonian captivity starting around 530 BC and then again in the in this respect already started last days starting around 1880 or 1890 through this time until the Millennial or Messianic visible Kingdom of God on Earth based in Jerusalem after the tribulation and Church Age are complete. God promises the Israelites including the Jews protection from water, fire and other natural hazards of travelling back from these lands to their promised land of Israel to live. God also says to the Israelites including the Jews that because at least some of the time they were faithful to Him He will give Egypt, Ethiopia and Seba as a ransom for them probably meaning at least partly that God will bring the Israelites also back to their promised land back from their living in those lands and among these Genesis 10 Noah nation people groups.
God promises His chosen earthly people Israel that both after the Babylonian captivity in the now already started last days that He will bring the Israelites including Jews from far frorm the ends of the earth and from all directions back to their covenant promised land of Israel in the Middle East. God also instructs the nations to allow and not obstruct His post Babylonian and already begun end of days plan to bring His chosen earthly people Israel back from all nation to again live in their land of Israel between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. God then states He has created the Israelis, including the Jews, for His glory that would certainly include to show His faithfulness and sovereignty among the nations to bring the Israelites back from the nations in the ends of the earth to their promised land of Israel. God states clearly this is to be a witness to all nations even though the Israelites including the Jews aren't always faithful to Him. God reminds the Israelites that He is their saviour not themselves or other nations or the gods or idols of other nations although the Lord Jesus Christ is part of the God of Israel including by some Hebrew or Old Testament as well as New Testament scriptures. God reminds the Israelites that He was responsible to bring down the rulers of Babylon (even though God gave this prophecy just before 700 AD and Babylon wasn't defeated until about 530 BC by Darius the Mede as in Daniel 6. God is also now working in the nations to enable the Israelites to return from all nations from the ends of the Earth such as from Middle East nations after or before world war 2 when some of those Middle East nations were European colonies, God enabling the collapse of the Soviet Union or of Russia and allies to enable Jews to flee from those places to Israel and now God allowing western and world anti-semitism in leftist pro-Palestinianism and rightwing neoNazism to compel more Israelites including Jews to flee from, immigrant or make aliyah from western and other nations to the land of Israel on an ongoing and intensifying way.
God then again claims or promises He will enable transportation means for the Israelites to migrate from other nations in the ends of the earth back to their promised land of Israel as we see before our eyes by aircraft or other means. God then in verse 19 again for a couple verses promises the Israelites that He will protect them in their travels from other lands to the ends of the earth back to their promised land of Israel by promising to protect the Israelites including the Jews from such travel hazards as lack of water in desert or wilderness lands, and from wild beasts or animals etc. God then starting in verse 21 and 22 reminds the Israelites including the Jews that He made them to be His chosen earthly nation and to be a testimony to all the other 70 Gentile nations as in Genesis 10. However, God instructs the Israelites including the Jews that they have not always been faithful to Him and HIs word or law including in biblical times to maintain worship of Him at HIs tabernacle or temple and Levitical priestly worship and animal and other offerings and that for the short term or post Babylonian captivity restoration of Israel God had given the princes of the sanctuary (the high priests after the line of Aaron) to be descecrated with the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem and the 1st of Solomon's Temple and more recently probably that the Israelites including the Jews didn't have access to Jerusalem including the Old City of Jerusalem (that is by the current international community regarded as part of East Jerusalem for part of a so-called Palestinian Arab state) and the Old City of Jerusalem's temple remains in the western wall and Temple Mount. Israel is now currently claiming more of the Old City of Jerusalem and even of the Temple Mount and will be allowed to resume Levitical worship in a new Jewish temple on part of the Temple Mount that will be taken over by the Antichrist or false Messiah half way through the tribulation (Daniel 9:27) until the Antichrist is defeated by Israel's true Messiah Jesus of Nazareth at the end of the tribulation when Jesus will fully restore Israel and set up God's kingdom over all the earth based in Jerusalem with Jesus' throne likely in the Most Holy Place of the Millennial or Messianic Kingdom Temple as in Ezekiel 40-48, Zecheriah 14, Isaiah 2, the tabernacle of David restored Amos 9 (Acts 15). The scripture reference from Isaiah 43 of God restoring or redeeming His chosen earthly people Israel by bringing them back from the nations from the ends of the earth after Babylonian captivity and in the last days starting around the 1880s or 1890s continuing through God's establishment of modern Israel in 1948 through the current time to the time of Jesus setting up God's visible, Millennial or Messianic Kingdom rule from Jerusalem and all of this as a witness to the nations and Israel of God's faithfulness, power, and sovereignty is as follows:
But now thus saith the LORD that created thee, O Jacob, and he that formed thee, O Israel. Fear not; for I have redeemed thee, I have called thee by thy name; thou art mine. When thou passest through the waters, I will be with thee; and through the rivers, they shall not overflow thee; when thou walkest through the fire, thou shalt not be burned; neither shall the flame kindle upon thee. For I am the LORD (what the Israelites including the Jews currently often call HaShem) thy God, the Holy One of Israel, thy Saviour; I gave Egypt for thy ransom, Ethiopia and Seba for thee. Since thou wast precious in my sight, thou hast been honourable, and I have loved thee; therefore will I give men for thee, and people for thy life.
Fear not; for I am with thee; I will bring thy seed from the east, and gather thee from the west (of Israel); I will say to the north, Give up; and to the south, Keep not back; bring my sons from far, and my daughters from the ends of the earth; Even every one that is called by my name; for I have created him for my glory, I have formed hjim; yea, I have made him. Bring forth the bline people who have eyes, and the deaf that have ears. Let all nations be gathered together, and let the people be assembled; who among them can declare this, and shew us former things? let them bring forth their witnesses, that they may be justified; or let them hear, and say, It is truth. Ye are my witnesses, saith the LORD, and my servant whom I have chosen; that ye may know and believe me, and understand that I am he: before me there was no God formed, neither shall there be after me.
I, even I, am the LORD; and beside me there is no saviour. I have declared, and have saved, and I have shewed, when there was no strange (false or heathen) god (or idol) among you; therefore ye are my witnesses, saith the LORD, that I am God. Yea, before the day was I am he; and there is none that can deliver out of my hand; I will work, and who shall let (prevent) it? Thus saith the LORD, your redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; For your sake I have sent to Babylon, and have brought down all their nobles, and the Chaldeans, whose cry is in the ships. I am the LORD, your Holy One, the creator of Israel, your King.
Thus saith the LORD, which maketh a way in the sea, and a path in the mighty waters; Which bringeth forth the chariot and horse, the army and the power; they shall lie down together, they shall not rise; they are extinct, they are quenched as tow. Remember ye not the former things, neither consider the things of old. Behold, I will do a new thing; now it shall spring forth; shall ye not know it? I will even make a way in the wilderness, and rivers in the desert. The beast of the field shall honour me, the dragons and the owls; because I give waters in the wilderness, and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people, my chosen. This people have I formed for myself; they shall shew forth my praise.
But thou (you) hast not called upon me, O Jacob; but thou hast been weary of me, O Israel. Thou hast not brought me the small cattle (lambs or sheep) of thy burnt-offerings; neither hast thou honoured me with thy sacrifies. I have not caused thee to serve with an offering, nor wearied thee with incense. Thou hast brought me no sweet can with money, neither hast thou filled me with the fat of thy sacrifices; but thou hast made me to serve with thy sins, thou hast weared me with thy iniquities (lawlessness or lawlesss deeds). I, even I, am he that blotteth out thy transgressions for mine own sake, and will not remember thy sins. Put me in remembrance; let us plead together; declare thou, that thou mayest be justified. Thy first father hath sinned, and thy teachers have transgressed against me. Therefore I have profaned the princes of the sanctuary, and have given Jacob to the curse, and Israel to reproaches. Isaiah 43;1-28
The book of Acts, especially through the first chapter, is a continuation of the earlier writing also by the Apostle Luke of the Gospel of Luke with the linking point being around the time of Jesus' ascension to heaven from the Mount of Olives. In the last chapter of Luke, chapter 24, Jesus' Great Commission to His disciples to teach that all people can have remission or forgiveness of sins and need to repent or turn to Him and God the Father and the Holy Spirit according to His word the Holy Bible from self (the flesh), Satan and other demons and the (political, business, sports and entertainment and military) world system to put Him and His will based on the Bible, His Holy Spirit or in Christ Jesus new nature based spirituality and goal of seeking a home in heaven in the life to come is in terms of nations, I think the 70 Genesis 10 Noah nations, rather than to all people to the ends of the earth. However, I think to reach out with the witness of Jesus to people of all 70 Genesis 10 Noah nations is interchangeable to reach out for Jesus to all people to the ends of the earth. The former treatise that Luke, the writer of the book of the Acts of the Apostles mentions in Acts 1:1 is the Gospel of Luke. The Gospel of Luke was about the public ministry on earth before of God's Son and the Saviour the Lord Jesus Christ of the world or of all nations of the world until the time of His ascension or being caught up from earth to heaven. The book of Acts starts just before Jesus' ascension. In verse 2 Luke briefly mentions Jesus' 40 day post resurrection from the dead ministry to His disciples before He ascended to heaven.
The disciples are in this first chapter in Acts following Jesus' instruction to wait to receive the Holy Spirit and His power for Christian life and witness which is the promise of the Father. The disciples still rightly believed that Jesus would sometime bring to fulfillment God's visible Messianic or Millennial Kingdom on earth based in Jerusalem as it was abundantly promised in the Old Testament scriptrues, it hadn't happened yet and Jesus' teaching was that it would literally happen some time. Jesus responded by saying it wasn't for them at that time to bring to fulfillment God's full visible Kingdom on Earth but that they should focus on world evangelism to people of all nations to the ends of the earth starting from Jerusalem.
To reach all nations to the ends of the earth with God's good news through His Son Jesus Christ and Jesus' sinless life, death on the cross for our sins and resurrection from the dead to enable us to have a home in heaven with God and for us to be God's spiritually and eternally restored children from what we lost in the sin of taking of the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden and causing a sinful including selfish nature for all people after that by our first parents Adam and Eve. Jesus wasn't saying to them that they were wrong to think He wouldn't eventually literally establsih God's visible Kingdom on Earth as promised by the prophets and others in the Old Testament (and some of the New Testament) or that they shouldn't give any focus or have any interest in the establsihment of God's literal visible Messianic or Millennial Kingdom over all the Earth based on Jerusalem and progress towards that but that they should give priority to reaching all people to the ends of the Earth from all I believe 70 NOah nations, languages, families and peoples instead. Jesus then said on the Mount of Olives to His first disciples and indirectly through them to all His later disciples or followers or believers including those of us living on earth now that we receive spiritual power from God by His Holy Spirit including for us to understand and have some knowledge or wisdom how to share the good news of salvation with other people and some power to live for Jesus better and for us to become more like Jesus rather than just for the world the flesh (fallen human nature) or the devil or some other demon or fallen angel. Jesus said that witness to Him and to salvation through Him and what He did when He was on earth in His first public ministry would begin at Jerusalem, then proceed to Judah which surrounded Jerusalem in the holy land, then Samaria which was somewhat north of Judah in the holy land and that included many more Samaratans who were half Jewish or Israelite and half of other nations partly through the Assyrians and their possession or occupation of Israel before and eventually that Jesus' disciples would bring His good new or gospel to the ends of the earth or most remote part of earth from Jerusalem. This is the progress of Christian witness by the early disciples, early Church and early Church Age phase of the Kingdom of God. This witness by the Church to the ends of the Earth is to reach people of all nations or languages from Noah who were at first by God scattered over all the face of the Earth or towards all the ends of the earth due to their disobedience to God to worship Him and His name alone and to voluntarily spread throughout all the earth, all the face of the earth or to the ends of the earth. It is true that Acts 1:8 uses the phrase to the uttermost parts of the earth rather than to the ends of the earth to the ultimate goal of world evangelism that began in Jerusalem as mentioned in Acts 1:8 and that both the phrase the uttermost part (of the earth) and to the ends of (the earth) are both from the Greek word eschatos which generally means furthest or final (of place or time) according to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance. However, I found in Strong's Concordance that the phrase to the uttermost parts of the earth and to the ends of the earth are translated from the exact same Greek word that is This reaching out of God's Church or His chosen spiritual or heavenly people and God's main people of this age the true Church is continuing to go to all nations to the ends of the earth but has almost completed reaching at least some people unto salvation in Jesus by the power of the Holy Spirit of all the 70 Genesis 10 Noah nations, languages and families of the earth.
When the remaining nations on earth that don't yet have any Christians gain some heart believers in Jesus with some of their nation or people trusting Jesus as their personal Lord and Saviour then I believe the rapture or catching up to heaven of all true Christians will happen. This rapture of the Church will be followed by the 7 year tribulation, the Second Coming from heaven to earth with the true Church from heaven for Jesus to set up HIs and God the Father's visible Messianic or Millennial Kingdom that the disciples were looking for and that will be based in Jerusalem and that will also include all people of the believing remnant of Israel and the saved of the nations of other than the Church Age. Believing Jews and Gentiles in this age since Pentecost right after Jesus' ascension to heaven until the rapture of the Church together make up the true Church or Church Age phase of the Kingdom of God. There will be further witness for Jesus on Earth in the 7 year tribulation after the rapture of the Church by the 144,000 Jewish witnesses of Jesus in Revelation 7 and 14 and they will win to faith in Jesus a further multitude of people of all nations, languages and families and these 144,000 Jewish tribulation or time of God's wrath witnesses for Jesus who are not part of the Church but are a separate branch of God's people will finish enabling all people on earth to hear the gospel of Jesus and have a chance to gain eternal life, forgiveness of sins and a restored relationship with God through Jesus by the time their witness is completed by the time of the end of the 7 year tribulation or time of God's wrath on earth by the occurence of Jesus' Second Coming in glory at the end of the tribulation from heaven with His true Church to earth at first around Jerusalem. The first disciples of Jesus were promised by an angel that they would eventually witness Jesus come back to earth to the Mount of Olives to set up HIs visible Kingdom on Earth that they would be aware was already promised by God in Zechariah 14. However, the disciples then and stil to this point are expected by God to focus on witnessing of Jesus and His death for our sins and His bodily resurrection to people of all nations to the ends of the earth until He comes first to rapture or catch up to heaven all true Christians from this age but it is quite fine with God as mentioned in other New Testament and Old Testament scriptures to have some interest and study in the progress towards Bible prophecy and what God is doing or allowing in the world to prepare for His establishment of His visible Messianic or Millennial Kingdom based in Jerusalem after the Church age and immediately after the tribulation that follows the present but almost complete Church Age.
The latter part of true Christians getting to the ends of the Earth to share the good news of God's salvation though His only begotten Son Jesus Christ to all nations to the ends of the Earth overlaps with the middle of the last days prophecy of God restoring His chosen earthly people the Israelites including the Jews to their promised land of Israel in the Middle East from all nations from the ends of the earth as we see both of which happening before our eyes at this time as prophesied in both cases. Probably the biblical and Genesis 10 Noah nations and languages that yet need to be reached even initially by the Church unto salvation of some of their nation, people, language and family are some of those of Shem through Joktan and of Ham through Cush in what is now parts of Yemen and other parts of south Arabia. The scripture reference in Acts 1 of Jesus the disciples after Jesus' resurrection going out to the Mount of Olives or Olivet to wait for the Holy Spirit and HIs power and to watch Jesus ascend to heaven and start the Church and the Christian witness for Jesus to all nations starting from Jerusalem to the ends of the earth is as follows:
The former treatise have I made, O Theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach. Until the day in which he was taken up, after that he through the Holy Ghost had given commandments unto the apostles whom he had chosen: To whom also he shewed himself alive after his passion (death on the cross) by many infallible proofs, being seen of them forty days, and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God: And being assembled together with them, commanded them that they should not depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the Father, which saith he, ye have heard of me. For John truly baptized with water, but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days hence. When they therefore were come together, they asked of him, saying , Lord, wilt thout at this time restore again the kingdom to Israel? And he said unto them, It is not for you to know the times or the seasons, which the Father hath put in his own power. But ye shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you; and ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem, and in all Judaea, and in Samaria, (Judaea and Samaria have today a lot of their combined area called in the news and politics called the West Bank), and unto the uttermost part of the earth. And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight. And while they looked stedfastly toward heaven as he went up, behold, two men stood by them in white apparel; Which also said, Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven? this same Jesus, which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go into heaven. Acts 1:1-11
In Matthew 12 the scribes and Pharisees, some of the Jewish religious leaders of Jesus' day, seek a sign from Him to validate His claims to be the Messiah of Israel. Jesus in response mentions two incidents from the Old Testament or Hebrew scriptures both with some particular emphasis on people from Gentile non Jewish lands and nations. I believe these two examples are related. The first incident is about the prophet Jonah being swallowed by the whale or great fish. Jonah is then 3 days and 3 nights in the heart of the fish and Jesus specifically compares that incident with Jonah with his then very near future death on the cross for our sins and then rising from the dead or from Hades in the heart of the earth on the third day. Jesus called his central work of His death on the cross and resurrection from the dead or from the heart of the earth as preaching like that of the preaching of the prophet Jonah to the people of Ninevah (who did take that preaching to heart and turn to God). Jesus then mentioned the incident where the queen of the south (the queen of Sheba) came from what he calls the uttermost parts (or the same Greek word "eschatos" as the ends of the earth) to hear the wisdom of King Solomon perhaps Israel's most glorious king in Jerusalem. I think Jesus is saying that he is not only greater in glory but greater in wisdom than Solomon and that a main part of that wisdom is the sure way of eternal life through Him and His death on the cross for our sins and His rising from the dead and from the heart of the earth in three days, as mentioned in the immediate prior Jonah and the Nivevites example. Jesus also mentioned the queen of the south who was the queen of Sheba with Sheba in what is now the political nation of Yemen, especially where the Shiite Muslims dominate, and is composed of the Genesis 10 Noah nations of Sheba, Obal and Uzal of Shem through Joktan and the Genesis 10 Noah nation of Sheba from Ham through Cush from among the 70 Genesis 10 Noah nations. Jesus mentioned that the queen of the south or the Queen of Sheba came from the uttermost parts of the earth (or the ends of the earth) to hear the wisdom of Solomon and that he was greater than Solomon. I think all this could mean that people in the area of Sheba could be the particular people in the uttermost parts of the Earth mentioned in the Great Commission in Acts 1:8 who will be the last to respond positively to Jesus' wisdom of free salvation in Him and have some believers among their nation from and that this will complete the Church by having some people who in their heart come to believe in Jesus and His death on the cross, descent into the heart of the earth and resurrection the third day to respond positively to His saving wisdom for eternal life and that this will complete the Church (as depicted in Revelation 5) by causing the Church to have some people from every nation, language, and family and people redeemed through Jesus and also immediately bring about the rapture to heaven of the then come to be completed church by having some believers from the so far probably unreached Noah nations in Sheba. The scripture reference in Matthew 12 of Jesus saying to pay attention to Him and His wisdom as the way of salvation for Jews or Israelites and all nations of a greater wisdom and salvation through His death on the cross for our sins, burial with his soul going to the heart of the earth, and resurrection for new life is as follows:
The queen of the south (the Queen of Sheba in southern Arabia) shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for she came from the uttermost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a greater than Solomon is here. Gospel of Matthew 12:43
Although this chapter is very popular with many evangelical Christians, especially in global Christian missions including as the basis for the famous book by leading missions writer John Piper Let the Nations be Glad, I believe that this Psalm is based more in the visible Millennial or Messianic Kingdom on Earth of God through His Son Jesus Christ than getting the gospel of Jesus to the nations in this current Church Age. A main reason I believe this is that in verse 4 of this chapter it is stated that some of the joy and gladness of people of the nations or Gentiles is that in this Psalm's setting God is pictured, I believe as visibly governing and judging the nations or people of Earth. Although it is true that God has overall control of all nations and peoples and their individuals in this current Church Age or Age of grace and God has reconciled the world to Himself through Jesus' death on the cross and resurrection from the dead in His first coming to Earth as in 2 Corinthians 5, other scriptures make clear that when Jesus comes again to set up His Kingdom he won't encounter a world converted to Him and faith in Him as Revelation 19, 2 Thessalonians 1, Matthew 24 and many Old Testament scripture passages indicate. Therefore I believe the primary context of this Psalm is of the nations or nation people groups of the world rejoicing in Jesus and in God the Father through Jesus in the visible Messianic or Millennial Kingdom on earth of God the Father through Jesus starting with Jesus Second Coming at the end of the tribulation that is after the Church Age is complete. Jesus' Second Coming will judge the world and set up His visible Kingdom over all the earth based in Jesusalem in which rejoicing in God through Jesus will be encouraged not discouraged as sometimes in this world by ungodly or antichristian religions, politics, media etc. of the world system under Satan the devil. However, there is a limited sense that people who hear and respond to the gospel of Jesus Christ in all nations to the ends of the earth are glad and rejoice in God through Jesus. This is the desired effect of the Great Commission of Jesus to evangelize all nations or nation people groups to the ends of the Earth as Jesus instructed in Acts 1 to His first disciples just before Jesus founded the Church by sending His Holy Spirit to indwell and empower His disciples at Pentecost in Acts 2. However, the world people here in this Psalm is mostly used interchangeably with nations so I agree that this Psalm is taking about people of different people group nations rejoicing in God through His Messiah or Son Jesus of Nazareth. Most people who promote the usual people group concept of nations to reach for the Great Commission mostly emphasize that the New Testament word for nation is "ethnos" which we in the west, certainly in the English speaking world, associate with a relatively small group of people such as what we call an ethnic group. The ethnic group type of people group advocates in global Christian missions also often use the idea that could have some truth in it that the largest groupings of people, nations and languages that usually collectively have a similiar negative, positive or mediochre respons to the gospel of Jesus are people group nations in the sense of ethnic groups with their own national or ethnic and language identity. However, I believe a more important and more scripture basis of what nations and peoples or people group nations are in the Bible, including here in Psalm 67, are the 70 Genesis 10 Noah nations as there is consistently the same Hebrew word for nations in Psalm 67 and in the Table of 70 Noah nations in Genesis 10. The scripture reference in Psalm 67 of nations, peoples or people group nations in general praising, rejoicing but reverently fearing God through Messiah or His Son Jesus then ruling and governing all people and nations to the ends of the Earth likely especially in the visible Messianic or Millennial Kingdom on earth of God through Jesus after Jesus Second Coming at the end of the still future tribulation from heaven to earth, but with possible second application to people of different nations responding positively to the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ in Christian missions to the ends of the earth is as follows:
God be merciful unto us, and bless us; and cause his face to shine upon us; Selah. That thy way may be known upon earth, thy saving health among all nations. Let the people praise thee, O God; let all the people praise thee. O let the nations be glad and sing for joy; for thou shalt judge the people righteously, and govern the nations upon earth. Selah. Let the people praise thee, O God; let all the people praise thee. Then shall the earth yield her increase; and God, even our own God, shall bless us. God shall bless us; and all the ends of the earth shall fear him. Psalm 67:1-7